Art or Propaganda? Essay

1. Introduction.W.E.B. Dubois and Alain Locke were important contri exclusivelyors to the epoch c tout ensemble(a)ed Harlem metempsychosis. With their writings atrists cherished to do someaffair against racism, they treasured to show that the African Americans dont remove to nip inferior. piece of writing in the April, 1915, issue of Crisis, DuBois said In fine maneuver and literature we should act to loose the tremendous emotional wealth of the somberamoor and the dramatic posture of his capers through writing and some other forms of invention. We should resurrect forgotten ancient unappeasableamoor fine contrivance and history, and we should set the sick man before the realism as some(prenominal) a creative blindist and a starchy overt for deviceistic treatment.DuBois stated what were to be recurrent themes of the decade of the twenties the negro as a producer and a subject of fraud, and the downcastnesss artificeistic output as indices of his const ituent to American life. (Linnemann R.J. p 79)In es intellect, both Locke and DuBois agreed nearly what constituted good art. It was the function of art on which they did non agree. DuBois doubted if one could really go through a rid art or beauty but Locke was non pay heedk for the blackamoor writer a disembodied beauty. (Linnemann, R.J. p 92)DuBois strongly disagreed with Lockes get a line that smash rather than Propaganda should be the object of black literature and art. If Mr. Lockes thesis is insisted upon excessively practically is going to turn the lightlessness reincarnation into decadence. (Marable, M.. p 130)First I pass on give some basical facts nearly the Harlem Renaissance. In the main come apart I will show the opinions of A. Locke, who pet arts, and W.E.B. DuBois, who was for propaganda. In block three I will write just about DuBoiss life. After that I will show what he deficiencyed in general. The last part of point three I will show why he was for propaganda. Therefore I analysed several of his cyphers, oddly his paper Criteria of total darkness art.In point four I will introduce Alain Locke with a short biography and then I will show what he wanted for the African Americans. The second part of point four will show why he prefer art. My focus will be on his anthology The radical negro and his h experient fraud or Propaganda?.Basically at that place were thoughts which DuBois and Locke shared. single physical exercise is the motif of education which will play a role in point five. In point six I will give a short summary.2. The Harlem RenaissanceIn the early 1900s, special(prenominal)ly in the 1920s, African-American literature, art, music, dance, and affectionate commentary began to flourish in Harlem, a section of wise York City. This African-American ethnic vogue became known as The invigorated black ordure and later as the Harlem Renaissance. More than a literary private road, the Harlem Renaissa nce exalted the odd culture of African-Americans and redefined African-American expression. African-Americans were encouraged to celebrate their heritage. ( anticson, W.) whiz of the factors contributing to the rise of the Harlem Renaissance was the great migration of African-Americans to northern cities (such(prenominal) as raw York City, Chicago, and Washington, D.C.) between 1919 and 1926. In his potent book The upstart blackamoor (1925), Locke draw the northward migration of blacks as some involvement like a unearthly emancipation. sour urban migration, combined with trends in American society as a just toward experimentation during the 1920s, and the rise of radical black intellectuals including Locke, Marcus Garvey, fo to a lower place of the Universal inkiness Improvement Association (UNIA), and W. E. B. DuBois, editor of The Crisis magazine all contributed to the particular styles and rare success of black artists during the Harlem Renaissance period.(http//enca rta.msn.com)More than a literary movement and more(prenominal) than a amicable revolt against racism, the Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African-Americans andredefined African-American expression. African-Americans were encouraged to celebrate their heritage and to become The New Negro, a term coined in 1925 by sociologist and critic Alain LeRoy Locke.3. About W.E.B. DuBois what did he want?Pioneer in the struggle for Afro-American liberation and for African liberation, prolific black scholar, W.E.B. DuBois (1868 1963) was one of the giants of the twentieth ascorbic acid. (Foner, flap text)DuBois mature slew was a reconcilation of the ace of double consciousness the two warring ideals of cosmos both black and American. He came to accept struggle and appointment as essential elements of life, but he continued to believe in the required progress of the human work that out of individual struggles against a carve up self and policy-making struggles of t he oppressors, a broader and fuller human life would push through that would benefit all of mankind (Kerry W.).Dr. Dubois was awarded the basic Spingarn Medal in 1920. This was awarded to that Negro who achieved the highest in any human endeavor. He was an activist for global affairs, editor of the NAACP Crisis publication, and set up the meeting for the initial Pan-African Congress. He was an individual of tenet and conviction. The seeds he planted still nourish us today. (http//www.websn.com/ self-exaltation/Pride/w.htm)To induce racial equality he founded the Niagara military campaign a meeting of African-American leaders committed to an active struggle for racial equality. The Niagara Movement was founded in 1905, by a assort of African-Americans, led by W. E. B. Du Bois, John Hope, and William Monroe Trotter, who called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood. (http//en.wikipedia.org)W.E.B. DuBois sawing machine that racism and prejudices are a worry. Therefore he wrote Once upon a time in my junior eld and in the dawn of this centuryI wrote The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the chroma line. It was a pert and singing phrase which I then liked and which since I make water often rehearsed to my soul and askedhow far is this prophecy or conjecture? Today in the last years of the centurys first quarter, let us examine the matter again, especially in the entrepot of that great compensatet of these great years, the World War.Fruit of the bitter rivalries of sparing imperialism, the roots of the catastrophe were in Africa, deeply entwined at bottom with the problems of the color line. And of the legacy left, the problems the world inherits hold the same fatal seed world dissension and catastrophe still lurk in the unsolved problems of race traffic. What then is the world view that the con officeration of this question offers?.(DuBois, W.E.B. The Negro intellect Rea ches Out) DuBois wanted to encourage African American slew. In his better out On Being Ashamed Of Oneself from 1933 he described the feeling of inferiority. At the same time he encouraged the deal to feel reassuredwe must oppose all segregation and all racial caseism we must salute the American flag and sing Our coun adjudicate Tis of Thee with reverence and fervor, and we must shake up for our rights with long and carefully planned campaigns uniting for this intend with all sympathetic people, coloured and lily- exsanguinous. But there are sure practical difficulties connected with this program which are be culmination more and more clear today. First of all comes the fact that we are still repentant of ourselves and are thus stopped from valid objection when white family line are ashamed to call us human. (Weinberg, M. p 12)DuBois wanted to fight against the problems which African Americans energise. Their bad situation was explained in his paper The Study Of The Negro Problemslet us inquire somewhat more carefully under the form under which the Negro problems present themselves today after 275 years of evolution. Their existence is plainly manifested by the fact that a definitely segregate mass of eight millions of Americans do non wholly share the national life of the people, are non an integral part of the social body. The points at which they fail to be incorporated into this base life constitute the particularNegro problems, which can be divided into two distinct and gibe parts, depending on two factsFirst Negroes do not share the full national life because as a mass they have not reached a sufficiently high grade of culture.Secondly They do not share the full national life because there has everlastingly existed in America a conviction varying in intensity, but always bigspread that people of Negro blood should not be admitted into the group life of the nation no matter what their condition might be. Considering the pro blems arising from the rearward development of Negroes, we may say that the mass of this race does not reach the social carryards of the nation with respect to a) Economic condition, b) Mental training, c) Social efficiency. (Foner, p 108)Du Bois was a pioneer advocate of the black beauty concept and of black power although he refrained from attaching a color tag. In his Immediate platform of the American Negro (April, 1915) he asserted The Negro must have power the power of men, the right to do, to know, to feel and express that knowledge, action and spiritual gift. He must not simply be free from the semi semipolitical tyranny of white home, he must have the right to vote and rule over the citizens, white and black, to the extent of his proven foresight and ability. (Moon, H.L.)One way of looking at it is that the Harlem Renaissance attacked the superstructure of ashen supremacy dapple legal and political activists in the 1930s and 1940s began to attack the periodical pr actice of racism through the courts and demonstrations. For example, the Harlem Renaissance is generally credited with increase awareness of the ethnic contributions that African and African American peoples have make to American culture, specifically in music, dance, poetry, and speech, as intumesce as in agriculture, medicine, and inventions.Here the idea was that (1) racism in America would be undermined not just through protest against racist practices, but overly by changing the prevailing protrudes and associations that European Americans, especially educated European Americans, had about menacing people. And then (2)by disseminating electropositive images of African Americans as contributors to American Culture, many of these Harlem Renaissance intellectuals hoped to raise the self-esteem of Black people themselves. A people with a higher self-esteem would be more insubordinate to segregation and discrimination, and more willing to challenge the system than those wh o were demoralized.(Po easily, R.)3.1. How did he want to reach his aims?After scholar Alain Locke compiled the New Negro heralding a adolescenter generation of black voices and establishing Harlem as a cultural center Du Bois express his ire about the state of the arts in Harlem. At the NAACPs annual convention in June 1926, Du Bois delivered a lecture entitled Criteria of Negro Art in which he insisted that all relevant art should be propaganda. The lecture was later published in a special Crisis series, The Negro in Art. (http//artsedge.kennedy-center.org/)In his paper Criteria of Negro art W.E.B. DuBois wrote Thus all art is propaganda and ever must be, despite the wailing of the purists. I stand in utter shamelessness and say that whatever art I have for writing has been folk to love and enjoy. I do not care a damn for any art that is not apply for propaganda. But I do care when propaganda is confined to one side firearm the other is stripped and silent. (Weinberg, M. p 2 58)DuBois didnt totally stand firm art but in his opinion art is supposed to have a message. He points out that there is no need to feel inferior and because of that Black people should fight for their rights.Colored people have said This work must be inferior because it comes from colored people. White people have said It is inferior because it is done by colored people. But today there is coming to both the realization that the work of the black man is not always inferior. ( W.E.B. DuBois Criteria of Negro art in Weinbeg, M. p 255)I already have-to doe withed that Harlem Renaissance intellectuals wanted to raise peoples self esteem. In his paper Criteria of Negro Art DuBois in like manner emphasizes that the art coming from African Americans is good.And then you know what will be said? It is already being said. Just as soon as true art emerges just as soon as the black artist appears, someone touches the race on the shoulder and says, 2he did that because he was an American, not because he was a Negro he was born here he was trained here he is not a Negro what is a Negro anyhow? He is just human it is the kind of thing you ought to expect.I do not doubt that the ultimate art coming from black folk is going to be just as graceful, and beautiful largely in the same ways, as the art that comes from white folk, or yellow, or red but the point today is that until the art of black folk compels recognition, they will not be rated as human. And when through art they compel recognition, then let the world discover if it will, that their atr is as red-hot as it is old and as old as spick-and-span. (Weinberg, M. p 260)Du Bois innate attitude regarding the relationship between art and politics was not on the whole shared by Alain Locke, but adequately expressed the prevailing whim among the intelligentsia in Harlem in the early and middle part of the twenties. Post-war American might still be determined to deny the Negro social, political and economic equal ity, but art was another matter. It was the chink in the racists armour. (Williams, A. p 5)DuBois believed that art could bridge cultural gaps between black and white Americans if black artists were inclined the opportunity to explore their talents, because, he healthy, art can inculcate a mavin of cultural heritage and identicalness to an oppressed group. For DuBois, African culture and African American heritage were well-to-do enough to help blacks in the unite States regain their political and cultural consciousness.DuBois started a forum of discussion in the Crisis magazine, entitled, How Should the Negro Be visualized? in which he asked artists to write in anddiscuss what kinds of images of Black people ought to be disseminated by artists in America. While there was a wide divergence on how much control should be imposed on what images artists should make believe, roughly believed that out of the greater access to the publishing and art world would come an abandonment of the racist imagery that predominated in popular American culture and justified, by dehumanizing Black people, the racist social and political practices that also abounded in America in the 1920s and 1930s. Du Bois even coined the phrase, all art is propaganda to reflect his view that the purpose of an art movement among African Americans was to battle the negative propaganda against the Negro coming from racist America with a positive propaganda for the Negro. (Powell, R.)4. About Alain Locke.For Alain Locke, propaganda was the slanted rhetoric that cautioned the Negro writers of the Harlem Renaissance to avoid. Being a Negro, he knew the harmful effects the contented slave stereotype of a Thomas Nelson Page, the buffoonery of an early Roark Bradford, and the savage beast in the working of Thomas Dixon had on his race. He new that the whole shebang of these authors, deflection from presenting such insulting and distorted images, neither had verisimilitude nor were they great literature. (Linnemann, R.J. p 91)African American philosopher educator Alain LeRoy Locke (1886 1954) played an influential role in identifying, nurturing, and publishing the works of young black artists during the New Negro Movement. His doctrine officiated as a strong motivating force in keeping the energy and madness of the Movement at the forefront. He spent his life seeking to pick up the nature of cultural conflicts and suggesting measures that must be bow outn to reduce conflict and allow harmony to prevail. A fundamental question that lingered in his sagacity was How can a multiethnic society, such as that in the United States organize itself so that its diverse groups can live together without burning violent conflicts? (Washington, J. p vii)He served for many years as a chairman of the philosophy department at Howard University, but his main contribution to American culture lies in hisefforts to make the public aware of the Negros aesthetic achievements from the a rt and artefacts of Africa to the poetry and novels of the American writer. (The Negro Almanac, p 990)Alain Locke played an influential role in identifying, nurturing, and publishing the works of young black artists during the New Negro Movement. His philosophy served as a strong motivating force in keeping the energy and passion of the Movement at the forefront. Ernest Mason explains thatmuch of the creative work of the period was head by the ideal of the New Negro which signified a hold of ethical ideals that often emphatic and intensified a higher find of group and social cohesiveness. The writersliterally evaluate liberationfrom their work and were perchance the first group of Afro-American writers to believe that art could radically diversify the artist and attitudes of other human beings. (Dictionary of Literary Biographyp 313)As a pioneer collector, Locke was one of the first Americans to write about the moment of African art, demonstrating its splendor far beyond an influence on the cubists and other members of the European artistic avant-garde. He wanted all African Americans, in particular contemporary African American artists, to seek inspiration and canvas pride in their rich artistic heritage. To this end he lectured, organised numerous exhibitions, and wrote the introductions for several landmark catalogs of African art. (http//www.africa in spite of appearance.com)In his anthology The New Negro (written in 1925) Alain Locke wanted to show that Afro Americans are able to produce art and literature as well as white people.He discussed the appraise of black art in terms of its contribution to community. In his delineate essay of 1925, Enter the New Negro, for instance, Locke urges young artists to embrace the fullness of theirheritage, old customs married to new possibilities. Once again, Locke emphasizes the purpose for artists in doing so the responsibility of these artists to be leaders for their people. In Lockes wordsWith his re -create self-respect and self-dependence, the life of the Negro community is bound to enter a new dynamic phase, the buoyancy from inside compensating for whatever pressure there may be of conditions without. The migrant volume, shifting from countryside to city, hurdle several generations of consider at a leap, but more important, the same thing happens spiritually in the life-attitudes and self-expression of the Young Negro, in his poetry, his art, his education and his new outlook, . . . From this comes the promise and reassert of a new leadership.(Locke, A. Enter The New Negro in Bracey, J. p 222)The New Negro emerged from within the black community, in stock to the white stereotyped literary image of the comic and pathetic plantation black. Alain Locke is hold as the leading black philosopher who asked blacks to recognize their African heritage as New Negroes.4.1. A. Locke -how did he want to reach his aims?Writing in 1928, Alain Locke, the influential philosopher of the H arlem Renaissance, observed that the fundamental question for any anti-racist social order of business was Art or Propaganda. Which? (Locke, A.) Artists and writers of the movement regarded the Harlem Renaissance not simply as a spontaneous flourishing of African-American creativity but as a critical historical moment to be seized in order to turn the course of American racism.Its social mission, as Locke and many others saw it, was to inflict the prevailing perception of Blacks as inferior to whites. Its effects would be two-fold raising pride amongst the Black population and addressing whites from a dumbfound of strength. Yet if the anti-racist social agenda of the Harlem Renaissance were to succeed in changing peoples minds about race, Locke believed, it could not proceed rhetorically. Art could offer a new social vision propaganda would only exacerbate the polarization of Black and white positions. (Thompson, A.)His strategy was to create a new and an own esthetic in order t o strenghten the standing and the self-confidence of African-Americans. (http//userpage.fu berlin.de)For A. Locke art ist he best room to prove that Black culture and art is as good as the culture and the art of white people. Art in the best sense is rooted in self expression and whether naive or innovative is self contained. In our spiritual growth genius and talent must more and more choose the role of group expression, or even at times the role of free individualistic expression in a word must choose art and put aside propaganda. (Locke, A. Art or Propaganda? p 312)The problem with propaganda, he argued, is that it cannot reframe the terms of the debate. To try to discredit racism is already to accord racist arguments a probable legitimacy. My chief objection to propaganda, apart from its besetting sin of monotony and disproportion, is that it perpetuates the position of group inferiority even in crying out against it. For it speaks under the shade of a dominant majority w hom it harangues, cajoles, threatens, or supplicates. It is too extroverted for rest period or poise or inner dignity and self-respect. (Locke, A. Ibid. p 312. )Propaganda, in Lockes view, is inevitably either defensive or strident, if not both. By contrast, art is rooted in self-expression and whether naive or innovative is self-contained. (Locke,A. Ibid. p 312) Creating its own terms for understanding and appreciation, art allows us to sidestep the received, ceremonious terms of meaning, and to take up possibilities presented to us within the self-contained realm of the individual work. While art could not alone accomplish the transformation needed to realign Black and white relations in American society, Locke believed that it could lead the way. (Locke, Ibid. p 312)For the most part, therefore, the art and literature of the Harlem Renaissance were expressive rather than creative, creative rather than argumentative. And it was specifically because they avoided propaganda, av oided engaging racist ideology directly, that Locke believed that art and literature could teach the equity about blackness in the white world. For Locke, the educational value of the movement consisted above all in its capacity to represent blackness without refer to the terms set by a racist society. Disregarding conventional perceptions and assumptions, art could offer an objective look at black have got, physiognomy, and heritage. (Thompson, A. p 18)Key to Lockes notion of art as education is its turning away of argumentation. For him, the problem posed by propaganda is not that it serves a particular agenda unmistakablely, he meant for art to serve a distinct social, political, and intellectual agenda. The problem with propaganda, as he saw it, is that it is reactive, and thus reliant upon the in truth assumptions it is think to displace. Unlike the more familiar opposition between propaganda and common sense or between propaganda and open inquiry, Lockes art/propaganda dichotomy suggests that the most important obstacle to social understanding may be a form of literal-mindedness accepting our starting points as a given and seeking change through incremental adjustments.In effect, then, Locke rejects the kind of approach to promoting racial understanding taken by unsubtle education. In the traditional liberal arts model, the path to a freer understanding is through careful analysis, reasoned argumentation, and dialogue. But from Lockes perspective, that approach reintroduces at e actually turn the very assumptions that preclude a transformed understanding. Particularly in the case of Black/white relations, what is called for is a reorientation in our thinking rather than the fudge factor of each and every error in existing understandings. As a pragmatist, Locke saw change not in terms of incremental usefulness but in terms of shifts adopting new positions and entering into new relations.Whereas propaganda, in Lockes formulation, refers to an eme ndatory or editing impulse, art refers to the development of new perspectives. The importance of art lies in its refusal to read social convention literally.As a metaphor for anti-racist education, it promoter, in part, problematizing the supposedly neutral standards that privilege whiteness, and, in part, reconceiving both whiteness and Blackness. In invoking art as the opposite of propaganda, though, Locke grants too much to art. By holding on to Enlightenment assumptions about truth, Locke proposes a cheapjack role for art as somehow apolitical in contrast to propaganda as inherently ideological.The romantic strain in Lockes existence of art is revealed in his belief that the art of the people, specifically peoples of African ancestry, is a tap root of vigorous, flourishing living. (Locke, A. Art or Propaganda p 313) such(prenominal) art, he believed, is the source of a beauty that reveals truth, for unlike academic art, it has not been subjected to generations of the inbreedin g of style and idiom, (Locke, A. The Legacy of the Ancestral Arts, p 258) nor lost the capacity to see objectively.The Negro physiognomy must be freshly and objectively conceived on its own patterns if it is ever to be seriously and importantly interpreted. Art must discover and reveal the beauty which prejudice and caricature have overlaid. And all vital art discovers beauty and opens our eyes to that which previously we could not see. (Locke,A. Ibd. p 264)Art, Locke believed, offered a way to break with old stereotypes and invent new forms, while remaining true to some sort of characteristic idiom, (Locke,A. Ibd. p 267) is a distinctive heritage and expressive style. Pragmatist that he was, he saw art as a way to come to experience both with a fresh eye and with the funded experience of a rich ancestral legacy.(Thompson, A. in Anti-Racist Pedagogy Art or Propaganda?)5. What is it that DuBois and Locke have in common?A. Locke and W.E.B. DuBois had variant opinions about the questi on whether art or propaganda is the right way to compound the African Americans into the American society. I have written about W.E.B. DuBois ,who is for propaganda, and about A. Locke, who is for art, so far. What we should keep in mind is basically they wanted the same. The thing they have in common isthat they generally had the same ideas they wanted to do domething for the African Amerians, they wanted a racial uplift. (http//userpage.fu-berlin.de/wilker/harlem/Bildungselite.htm)One example is the idea of education and the idea of a Black elite, which they both shared.It is obvious that DuBois and Locke entangle that the Black elite (or Talented Tenth) were to articulate the Black ideals for which the masses were to strive. A task that required members of the Talented Tenth to be well educated. For DuBois, no less than Locke, insisted that an education that allowed Blacks to achieve cultural freedom and indecorum would be an education that exposed the selected Black youth to the higher cultural values the arts, music, drama, poetry, and history, aimed at the development of labouring skills. Alain Locke, no less than W.E.B DuBois, centre on Blacks cultural contributions to America. Hence, the importance of educating the Black elite, who would serve as Socratic midwives in such creative efforts. (Washington, p 22 ff.)Significant social transformations occurred, according to Locke, through the effort of what he called the black elite the talented, well educated, cultured class of Blacks that distinguished itself from the Black masses through the creators contributions to the development of art and culture. The black elite took initiative in the realm of human affairs. It was concerned with helping to shape, among other things, public policy. booking agent T. Washington, Alain Locke, W.E.B. DuBois, Mary Bethune, Zora Hurston, Roland Hayes, Paul Robeson, Countee Cullen, Ida B. Wells, Langston Huges, Marian Anderson, James Weldon Johnson these were amon g the Black elite during Lockes time.It was their artistic and political activities to the civil rights movements of the 1960s that advanced the social political status of Black Americans, and induced the country to make a more serious commitment to the principle of equality. Indeed, members of the Black elite inspired Africans on the continent of Africa in the 1950s and early 1960s as they sought-after(a) to rid themselves of European colonial rule. In a word, the American Black elite, especially through the effort of W.E.B. DuBois Pan African movement, was instrumental in helping to dissolve the closed societies on the continent of Africa, societies nurtured and keep up by colonialism. (Washington, p 34)In his speech, The Training of Negroes for Social Power, Dr. DuBois set forward clearly and fully his views at the time of the type of education he felt was essential for his people.The Negro problem, it has often been said, is largely a problem of ignorance not simply of ill iteracy, but a deeper ignorance of the world and its ways, of the thought and experience of men an ignorance of self and the possibilities of human souls. This can be gotten rid of only by training and primarily such training must take the form of that sort of social leadership which we call education. The very first step towards settlement of the Negro problem is the spread of intelligence. (Foner, p 132 ff)6.SummaryW.E.B. DuBois emphasized that art must have a function. It is not the beauty which is important. In his magazine The Crisis he wrote We want Negro writers to produce beautiful things but we stress the things rather than the beauty. It is Life and Truth that are important and Beauty comes to make their importance visible and tolerable.Locke suggested that fellow artists of the Harlem Renaissance always strive for art and avoid propaganda. Unfortunately, however, he felt that there have been very few purely artistic publications, as most of their expressions were include d in the avowed organs of social movements and organized social programs. He felt that there must be discussion of social problems, but propaganda is too one-sided to serve that function, and there must be some means of bringing all views to the table. However, he never claimed that art can serve this function, and merely hypothesized such a forum of ideas. (Cabrera, J.)DuBois doubted if one could really have a disembodied art or beauty but Locke was not seeking for the Negro writer a disembodied beauty. He expected tangible results from the Negro knowing himself through his folk cultural experiences, particulary given the Negros special circumstances as an American citizen within the wider American cultural tradition. (Linnemann, R.J. p 92)I think it is important to mention that W.E.B. DuBois was for propaganda but he didnt totally reject art as long as art has a message.DuBois had a strong sense of race pride and saw great value in move upon the racial heritage. He was an early advocate of the use of black folk music for classical American music tradition. Though he felt that art and propaganda could not be separated, he took the middle class position that characterization of black life should project a proper image of the Negro. (Linnemann, R.J. p 78)The question Who was right? is difficult to answer. A. Locke saw the beauty of art but in my opinion every kind of art has a message and is therefore more or less propaganda. One cannot separate the terms. Artist are just able to influence the kind of propaganda when they create provocative works but it is not possible to produce art just for arts sake.SourcesBracey, John H. ed. African American Mosaic, Volume deuce From 1865 To The Present. New Jersey Prentice Hall, 2004.Locke, Alain Art or Propaganda? in Voices from the Harlem Renaissance, ed. Nathan Irvin Huggins. New York Oxford University Press, 1976.DuBois, W.E.B. The Negro Mind Reaches Out (excerpts) The New Negro, An Interpretation. New York Albert and Charles Boni, 1925, p. 385.Foner, Philip Sheldon W.E.B. Du Bois speaks speeches and addresses1890-1919. New York usher Press, 1970.Linnemann, Russell J., ed. Alain Locke Reflections on a modern Renaissance man. Baton Rouge lah State University Press, 1982.Locke,A. The Legacy of the Ancestral Arts, in The New Negro An Interpretation, ed. Alain Locke New York Arno Press and the New York Times, 1968 (1925).Marable, Manning W.E.B.DuBois, Black Radical Democrat. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1986.Ploski, Harry A. ed. The Negro Almanac a reference work on the Afro-American.Detroit Gale Research, 1983.Washington, Johnny Alain Locke and philosophy a quest for cultural pluralism. New York Greenwood Press, 1986.Weinberg, Meyer ed. W.E.B. DuBois A Reader. New York harper & Row, 1970.Electronic SourcesCabrera, Jennifer. Art or Propaganda? 10 December 1999. http//www.en. utexas. edu/classes/bremen/e314l/student_pages/student.sites/jennifer/final/home.htmlMoon, hydrogen Lee History of the Crisis. November 1970. The Crisis Magazine Online 10.03.05Powell, Richard, 08.03.05Thompson, Audrey For Anti racist education (p 1 38) 25.02.2005. University of Utah. http//bama.ua.edu/cdi/thompson.pdf, S.18 Thompson, Audrey Anti-Racist Pedagogy Art or Propaganda? 27.02.2005. University of UtahWilliam H. Johnson Feb.16, 2000 25.02.05.